Impact of Dietary Patterns on Skeletal Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Bone Mineral Density, Fracture, Bone Turnover Markers, and Nutritional Status

While dietary patterns exert diverse effects on skeletal health, consistent evidence supports Mediterranean-style diets as protective against fractures. Calorie restriction may elevate bone turnover, whereas ketogenic and high-protein diets show mixed effects on bone. However, across all analyses, high heterogeneity was observed. Further high-quality RCTs are warranted to clarify these relationships and inform dietary guidance for bone health.