Organic additives in agricultural plastics and their impacts on soil ecosystems: Compared with conventional and biodegradable plastics

Biodegradable plastics (BDPs) are considered a sustainable alternative to conventional plastics (CPs) in agriculture. However, the potential impact of BDPs, particularly regarding the release of organic additives, remains a significant concern. This review comprehensively analyzes the main types of organic additives in agricultural CPs and BDPs, including their occurrence, migration, and toxicological impacts on soil ecosystems. Both CPs and BDPs contain plastic additives, including plasticizers, flame retardants and stabilizers; however, BDPs often require additional additives, such as chain extenders and nucleating agents. CP additives have been widely detected in agricultural soils, yet the fate and distribution of BDP additives remain largely unexplored. We further analyze the toxic effects of these additives on soil-dwelling organisms, identify knowledge gaps about BDP additives, and propose future research priorities. Together, our analysis offers crucial insights into risks and benefits associated with agricultural BDPs, providing a foundation for developing safer and more sustainable plastic additives.