The insect abdomen—a heartbeat manager in insects?

Different possibilities of coordination between circulation, respiration and abdominal movements were found in pupae of Pieris brassicae, Tenebrio molitor, Galleria mellonella and Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Coordination principles depend on metabolic rate: the need to support circulation with abdominal movements appears only at higher metabolic rates. Integration between different abdominal movements and circulation depends on species, on physiological state and, supposedly, on internal morphology. At low metabolic rates, there is no need for a very intensive hemolymph flow, and the dorsal vessel is capable of initiating and/or maintaining necessary hemolymph flow. Starting from a certain metabolic level, it is possible that the abdomen is used to accelerate hemolymph flow in the case of a large amount of hemolymph. When the necessary flow speed has been reached, relatively weak pulsation of the dorsal vessel with accessory pulsatile organs and diaphragms can easily maintain the necessary flow intensity. Heart activity may sometimes be initiated by abdominal movements via cardiac reflex or mechanical excitation. Sometimes, when heart function is weakened by histolysis, the abdomen may temporarily take over the main circulatory function or occasionally contribute to acceleration of low-speed hemolymph flow. In this case the functions are simultaneous and may be triggered by some mediator(s). In active adult insects the whole body is moving, and hence hemolymph circulates and the tracheal system is effectively ventilated by a whole body ensemble consisting of the dorsal vessel, moving organs, body appendages and accessory pulsatile organs. The mechanism of autocirculation (analogous to autoventilation in gas exchange) is a probable mechanism in circulation in adult insects.