Wave effect correction to reciprocity calibration results of vibration primary standards

The paper reveals the stress wave effect (SWE) on reciprocity calibration results of vibration primary standards and derives exact correct formulas of mechanical standards according to reciprocity theory and stress wave theory. The paper further expounds that both the electrodynamic reciprocity method (ERM) and the piezoelectric reciprocity method (PRM) need this correction at higher frequencies and shows that taking this measure can eliminate a system error of 10−2 to 10−3 orders of magnitude.