Risk assessment of organophosphorus pesticide residues in Lonicera japonica extracted using hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents and determined by LC–MS/MS

Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDES) are considered to be efficient and green solvents for the extraction of organophosphorus pesticide (OP) residues from Lonicera japonica. Characterizations of HDES were evaluated with two organic acids and two alcohols. Synthesis was performed based on menthol as a hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and lauryl alcohol as a hydrogen bond donor (HBD). A menthol and lauryl alcohol mixture (molar ratio of 1:1) was optimal for extracting OPs. Three pesticide residues, including chlorpyrifos (detection rate 100%), oxomethoate (30%), and triazophos (8.3%), were found in all samples. Pesticide risk was evaluated using the hazard quotient (HQ). The highest HQa and HQc values for children were from oxomethoate (3.26% and 37.39%), which presented a low risk. To reduce the risk of excessive organophosphorus pesticide residues in Lonicera japonica, oxomethoate usage should be avoided.