MVI-Mind: A Novel Deep-Learning Strategy Using Computed Tomography (CT)-Based Radiomics for End-to-End High Efficiency Prediction of Microvascular Invasion in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Microvascular invasion (MVI) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) directly affects a patient's prognosis. The development of preoperative noninvasive diagnostic methods is significant for guiding optimal treatment plans. In this study, we investigated 138 patients with HCC and presented a novel end-to-end deep learning strategy based on computed tomography (CT) radiomics (MVI-Mind), which integrates data preprocessing, automatic segmentation of lesions and other regions, automatic feature extraction, and MVI prediction. A lightweight transformer and a convolutional neural network (CNN) were proposed for the segmentation and prediction modules, respectively. To demonstrate the superiority of MVI-Mind, we compared the framework's performance with that of current, mainstream segmentation, and classification models. The test results showed that MVI-Mind returned the best performance in both segmentation and prediction. The mean intersection over union (mIoU) of the segmentation module was 0.9006, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of the prediction module reached 0.9223. Additionally, it only took approximately 1 min to output a prediction for each patient, end-to-end using our computing device, which indicated that MVI-Mind could noninvasively, efficiently, and accurately predict the presence of MVI in HCC patients before surgery. This result will be helpful for doctors to make rational clinical decisions.