Latent Profile/Class Analysis Identifying Differentiated Intervention Effects

Background The randomized clinical trial is generally considered the most rigorous study design for evaluating overall intervention effects. Because of patient heterogeneity, subgroup analysis is often used to identify differential intervention effects. In research of behavioral interventions, such subgroups often depend on a latent construct measured by multiple correlated observed variables. Objectives The purpose of this article was to illustrate latent class analysis/latent profile analysis as a helpful tool to characterize latent subgroups, conduct exploratory subgroup analysis, and identify potential differential intervention effects using clinical trial data. Methods After reviewing different approaches for subgroup analysis, latent class analysis/latent profile analysis was chosen to identify heterogeneous patient groups based on multiple correlated variables. This approach is superior in this specific scenario because of its ability to control Type I error, assess intersection of multiple moderators, and improve interpretability. We used a case study example to illustrate the process of identifying latent classes as potential moderators based on both clinical and perceived risk scores and then tested the differential effects of health coaching in improving health behavior for patients with elevated risk of developing coronary heart disease. Results We identified three classes based on one clinical risk score and four perceived risk measures for individuals with high risk of developing coronary heart disease. Compared to other classes we assessed, individuals in the class with low clinical risk and low perceived risk benefit most from health coaching to improve their physical activity levels. Discussion Latent class analysis/latent profile analysis offers a person-centered approach to identifying distinct patient profiles that can be used as moderators for subgroup analysis. This offers tremendous opportunity to identify differential intervention effects in behavioral research.