PVP pre-intercalation engineering combined with the V 4+ /V 5+ dual-valence modulation strategy for energy storage in aqueous zinc-ion batteries

We used a synergistic strategy involving PVP pre-embedding and vanadium valence hybridization. PVP stabilizes the material between oxide layers, enhancing cycling stability and promoting multielectron vanadium reactions through V 4+ /V 5+ mixed valence.