Latent Profile Analysis and Influencing Factors of Learned Helplessness in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients: A Cross-sectional Study

The findings underscore the complex nature of LH in MHD patients and emphasize the importance of symptom management, hope enhancement, and family support in interventions. Tailored psychological and social support strategies may alleviate LH, improving the mental health and quality of life of MHD patients. Future studies should examine the long-term impact of these interventions on patient outcomes.