Ex vivo assessment of blue laser-activated berberine-loaded nanoniosomes in enhancing photodynamic therapy against Streptococcus mutans biofilm on tooth enamel

Blue laser-activated nNios@Ber significantly inhibit S. mutans biofilm formation and virulence gene expression, offering an effective and targeted approach for caries management. This photoactivated nNios@Ber enhances the photodynamic activity, providing a promising adjunct or alternative to conventional antimicrobial agents such as CHX in oral healthcare.