Biocatalysis, 1. General

Abstract The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Classification of Biocatalysts 3. History 4. Characteristics of Enzyme Reactions Used in Biotransformations 5. Types of Biocatalysts and Reaction Systems 5.1. Biotransformation with Growing Cultures 5.2. Biotransformation Conversion with Previously Grown Cells 5.2.1. Vegetative or Washed Cells 5.2.2. Permeabilized Cells 5.2.3. Dried Cells 5.3. Biotransformation with Spores 5.4. Biotransformation with Immobilized Cells 5.5. Biotransformation with Cell‐free Enzymes or Purified Enzymes 5.6. Multistep Reactions Using Different Biocatalysts 5.7. Multiphase Reaction Systems 6. Process Design 6.1. General Considerations 6.1.1. Evaluating Enzyme Potential 6.1.2. Finding Suitable Enzymes 6.1.3. Substrates 6.1.4. Media 6.2. Selection of Biocatalysts 6.2.1. Screening 6.2.2. Enrichment 6.2.3. Molecular Engineering 7. Improvement of Conversion Processes 8. Conclusion and Outlook