In vitro culture of cynomolgus monkey embryos beyond early gastrulation

Gastrulation is a key event in embryonic development when the germ layers are specified and the basic animal body plan is established. The complexities of primate gastrulation remain a mystery because of the difficulties in accessing primate embryos at this stage. Here, we report the establishment of an in vitro culture (IVC) system that supports the continuous development of cynomolgus monkey blastocysts beyond early gastrulation up to 20 days after fertilization. The IVC embryos highly recapitulated the key events of in vivo early postimplantation development, including segregation of the epiblast and hypoblast, formation of the amniotic and yolk sac cavities, appearance of the primordial germ cells, and establishment of the anterior-posterior axis. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analyses of the IVC embryos provide information about lineage specification during primate early postimplantation development. This system provides a platform with which to explore the characteristics and mechanisms of early postimplantation embryogenesis in primates with possible conservation of cell movements and lineages in human embryogenesis.