Pathways to High Efficiency Perovskite Monolithic Solar Modules

With the rapidly improving efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells, the transition of small area device fabrication innovations into modules is becoming increasingly important for the commercialization of this technology. The record efficiencies of small perovskite cells are already approaching that of the best silicon crystal solar cells, but the module efficiencies are still far behind. Understanding the factors that cause the cell-to-module (CTM) efficiency loss is critical for large area perovskite module development.