Enabling Longer-Lasting Rechargeable Batteries Via Synchronizing Lithium and Lithium-Ion Batteries

Synchronized lithium metal and lithium-ion battery (SLLIB) exhibits high energy storage device and longer-lasting rechargeable batteries through reservoir-replenishment and reservoir-boost processes. In SLLIB, lithium-electrode acts as a reservoir and booster-electrode to mitigate the formation cycle capacity loss in LiFePO4 cathode vs. mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) anode. The recovered specific charge-discharge capacities of 146/ 144 mAh g–1 at 0.2 C was achieved for SLLIB, as compared to half-cell capacities 142/ 143 mAh g–1 at 0.2 C. The irreversible capacity compensation from the reservoir, offered to a renewed flat-voltage profile at 3.3/ 3.2 V and renewed electrode characteristics of 144 mAh g–1 for LiFePO4 and 390 mAh g–1 for MCMB. The energy reduced cell (due to formation cycles) was replenished/ boosted to increased energy density of 455 Wh kg–1 with retained flat-voltage profile through Li+ ion replenishment from the lithium-electrode to MCMB anode. Further, reservoir-reserved mode yielded the charge-discharge capacities of 126/ 124 mAh g– 1 at 0.2 C for lithium battery associated with the Li+ ion transport from reservoir-electrode to LiFePO4 cathode, confirmed by Li+ ion diffusion path through MCMB electrode. Eventually, the reservoir-replenishment, reservoir-boost and reservoir-reserved mode cycling processes of synchronized lithium and lithium-ion battery pointed out towards longer-lasting rechargeable batteries for advanced storage applications. Figure 1