A semi-empirical tyre model for combined slips including the effects of cambering

This article presents the addition of camber to a previously published semi-empirical tyre model by the same authors. The model combines empirical models for pure braking, cornering and cambering with a model for simultaneous braking, cornering and cambering. It is based on brush-model tyre mechanics and aims to offer an easy-to-use accurate model for vehicle-handling simulations. The proposed model is a method to extract and rescale the adhesion and sliding forces from empirical pure-slip tyre models to account for the combined-slip condition. The combined-slip self-aligning torque is described likewise. Cambering affects the natural path of the tyre carcass on the road surface and deforms the threads to produce an additional force in the lateral direction. Thereby, the proportions of the sliding and adhesive forces changes. The model is computationally sound and efficient and does not rely on any additional parameters that depend on combined-slip data for calibration. It can be used in combination with virtually any empirical pure-slip model.