Radical-radical rotaxanes with tetracationic cyclophane ring, and quaternary azaaromatic rotaxanes with cage macrocycles

The review consists of two parts.In the first part the radical-radical quaternary azaaromatic rotaxanes containing tetracationic cyclophane ring are described, and in the second part rotaxanes built from quaternary azaaromatic threads and cage macrocycles, such as cyclodextrins, calixarenes, pillararenes and cucurbiturils are presented.The species described here are discussed as regards their properties and possible applications.