Analysis

This chapter introduces the concept of smart energy systems. As opposed to the smart grid concept, which takes focuses solely on the electricity sector, smart energy systems includes the entire energy system in its approach to identifying suitable energy infrastructure designs and operating strategies. The typical smart grid focus on the electricity sector often leads to the definition of transmission lines, flexible electricity demands, and electricity storage as the primary means to deal with the integration of fluctuating renewable sources. However, due to the intermittent nature of wind power and similar sources, these measures are not very effective or cost-efficient. The most effective and least-cost solutions are found when the electricity sector is combined with the heating sector and/or the transportation sector. Moreover, the combination of electricity and gas infrastructures may play an important role in the design of future renewable energy systems.