Biohydrogen production, storage, and delivery: A comprehensive overview of current strategies and limitations

The development of biohydrogen is crucial for achieving a sustainable and eco-friendly society and reducing dependence on traditional fossil fuels. Biohydrogen production, storage, and delivery are three essential components of the biohydrogen economy. Strategies like dark fermentation and photo-fermentation have been widely studied for biohydrogen production. At the same time, hydrogen storage options have also been explored, including compressed, liquid, and material-based hydrogen. However, many of the technologies aimed at developing the biohydrogen economy are still immature, and the current biohydrogen economy is facing challenges like low biohydrogen production, high hydrogen storage costs, and unsatisfactory hydrogen delivery efficiency. Therefore, this review aims to present a comprehensive overview of the latest technologies for biohydrogen production, storage, and delivery, while highlighting their respective benefits and drawbacks. Furthermore, the review proposes perspectives on the challenges facing current biohydrogen production, storage, and delivery technologies, as well as suggesting further research directions to improve these technologies for widespread implementation of the biohydrogen economy.