Stable lithium metal anode enabled byin situformation of a Li3N/Li–Bi alloy hybrid layer

A hybrid protective layer containing a Li3N and Li-Bi alloy is fabricated on a Li-metal anode as an artificial SEI layer to guide dendrite-free Li deposition. Noteworthily, the hybrid interface could not only facilitate homogeneous Li plating but also provide rapid Li+ transportation, enabling a long-term stability of ∼2400 h at 0.5 mA cm-2 with a low steady overpotential of 10 mV.