Aberrant single-cell phenotype and clinical implications of genotypically defined polyclonal plasma cells in myeloma

Multiple Myeloma is driven by clonal plasma cell (cPC)-intrinsic factors and changes in the tumorigenic microenvironment (TME). To investigate if residual polyclonal PCs (pPCs) are disrupted, single-cell (sc) RNAseq and sc B-cell receptor analysis were applied in a cohort of 46 samples with PC dyscrasias and 21 healthy donors (HDs). Out of n=234,789 PCs, 64,432 were genotypically identified as pPCs with frequencies decreasing over different disease stages, from 23.66% in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) to 3.23% in MMs (p=0.00012). Both cPCs and pPCs had a comparable expression of typical lineage markers (i.e. CD38, CD138), while others were more variable (CD27, ITGB7). Only cPCs overexpressed oncogenes (e.g. CCND1/2, NSD2), but CCND3 was often expressed in pPCs. BCMA was expressed on both p- and cPCs, while GPRC5D was mostly upregulated in cPCs with implications for on-target, off-tumor activity of targeted immunotherapies. In comparison with HDs, pPCs from patients showed upregulated autophagy and disrupted interaction with TME. Importantly, interferon related pathways where significantly enriched in pPCs from patients vs HDs (p-adjusted < 0.05) showing an inflamed phenotype affecting genotypically normal PCs. Function of pPCs was consequently impacted and correlated with immunoparesis, driven by disrupted cellular interactions with TME. Leveraging our scRNAseq data, we derived a "healthy PC signature" that could be applied to bulk transcriptomics from the CoMMpass dataset and predicted significantly better PFS and OS (log rank p < 0.05 for both). Our findings show that genotypic, single-cell identification of pPCs in PC dyscrasias has relevant pathogenic and clinical implications.