Sensitive and reproducible gold nanostar@metal–organic framework-based SERS membranes for the online monitoring of the freshness of shrimps

(v/v) with RSDs of 4.1% and 4.2%, respectively. Furthermore, the SERS monitoring platform was used to monitor shrimp spoilage at 25 °C and 4 °C in real time. Hence, the AuNS@ZIF-8-SLIPS membrane strategy can serve as a promising alternative to ensure accurate, real-time, and non-destructive monitoring of gaseous molecules for food freshness.