BrGDGTs-based seasonal paleotemperature reconstruction for the last 15,000 years from a shallow lake on the eastern Tibetan Plateau

Understanding Holocene temperature changes is vital for resolving discrepancies between proxy reconstructions and climate models. The intricate temperature variations across the Tibetan Plateau (TP) add complexity to studying continental climate change during this period. Discrepancies between model-based and proxy-based reconstructions might stem from seasonal biases and environmental uncertainties in the proxies. Employing multiple proxies from a single sediment core for quantitative temperature reconstructions offers an effective method for cross-validation in terrestrial environments. Here, we present an ice-free-season temperature record for the past 15 ka from a shallow, freshwater lake on the eastern TP, based on brGDGTs (branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers). This record shows that the Holocene Thermal Maximum lags the pollen-based July temperature recorded in the same sediment core. We conclude that the mismatch between the brGDGTs-based and pollen-based temperatures is primarily the result of seasonal variations in solar irradiance. The overall pattern of temperature changes is supported by other summer temperature records, and the Younger Dryas cold event and the Bølling–Allerød warm period are also detected. A generally warm period occurred during 8–3.5 ka, followed by a cooling trend in the late Holocene. Our findings have implications for understanding the seasonal signal of brGDGTs in shallow lakes, and provide critical data for confirming the occurrence of seasonal biases in different proxies from high-elevation lakes. To further investigate the significance of the brGDGTs and temperature patterns on the TP, we examined existing brGDGTs-based Holocene temperature records, which interpret these compounds as indicators of mean annual or growing season temperatures. The existing/available temperature records show complicated patterns of variation, some with general warming trends throughout the Holocene, some with cooling trends, while some with warm middle Holocene. We analyzed the possible reasons for the diverse brGDGTs records on the TP and emphasize the importance of considering lake conditions and modern investigations of brGDGTs in lacustrine systems when using brGDGTs to reconstruct paleoenvironmental conditions.