Chronic Respiratory Diseases: Use of Quantum Particles as Nanotheranostic Agents

ABSTRACT Chronic respiratory diseases are among the top five non‐communicable diseases (NCDs) contributing to the highest global mortality and morbidity. These diseases, which include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, diffuse parenchymal lung disease (DPLD), lung fibrosis, and lung cancer, affect the airways and other lung structures. They can significantly impair quality of life and, if left untreated, can lead to mortality across all age groups. An effective management of chronic lung diseases therefore requires timely, accurate diagnosis and treatment. Nanotechnology based diagnosis and therapy is a growing area to address these concerns. In this context, fluorescent quantum dots with sizes of 20 nm or less are being extensively explored for their distinct photophysical properties, quantum confinement effect, potential for surface functionalization and optimum toxicity. Herein, we highlight the unique properties of QDs which make them effective tools for diagnosing chronic respiratory diseases, their potential for bioimaging applications as replacements for conventional organic fluorophores, and their therapeutic applications for respiratory diseases. Additionally, challenges associated with QDs, such as toxicity and clearance, which limit their applications are also discussed. Overall, this will be one of the first reviews which encompasses the detailed features of QDs as a nanotheranostic platform for chronic respiratory diseases. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Respiratory Disease