Unlocking Therapeutic Potential: Mesenchymal Stem Cells-derived Exosomes in IUA Treatment, Current Status and Perspectives

Intrauterine adhesion (IUA) is a condition caused by damage to the basal uterine layer which can lead to partial or full occlusion of the uterine cavity. Although traditional treatment options have been useful in mild and moderate cases, they have been unsatisfactory in severe IUA cases. Therefore, it is essential to improve the treatment strategies of IUA. Recent studies have demonstrated that Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exert their therapeutic effects via the paracrine secretion of several substances including extracellular vesicles (EV) also called exosomes. MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) do not have the limitations of MSCs including immunogenicity and tumorigenicity. However, exosomes have limitations in terms of identification, isolation, purification, and origin. The clinical application of exosomes requires quality control and increased standardization in isolation and culture serum. This review summarizes therapeutic potentials of MSC-Exos and explores their potential clinical implications as diagnostic, therapeutic targets as well as prognostic markers in managing IUA.