Critical advances in biofabrication and biomaterial strategies in tracheal tissue engineering: A comprehensive overview

The trachea is a vital respiratory organ that connects the larynx to the lungs and performs crucial functions. Various conditions can cause severe and often irreversible damage to individuals trachea of all age groups. Tracheal regeneration remains a major challenge in respiratory medicine, requiring a innovative solutions to address various underlying causes. Existing clinical interventions often have significant limitations and associated complications. Tissue engineering has potential, but its effectiveness has been limited due to challenges such as poor durability and insufficient revascularization. This review aims to provide a comprehensive exploration of the landscape of tracheal regeneration, shedding light on the path towards advancements in addressing extensive tracheal defects. It follows a structured approach, introducing various surgical procedures, along with their associated complications. Subsequently, it delves into the myriad biomaterials investigated in the realm of tracheal tissue engineering, emphasizing the significance of design considerations in scaffold fabrication. The review then navigates through various platforms utilized in tracheal tissue engineering and recent innovative approaches employed in this domain. Additionally, it provides insights into the clinical translation of tissue-engineered trachea, highlighting recent advancements and challenges encountered in real-world applications. Finally, it discusses the significant challenges and offers a perspective outlook on the future of tracheal tissue engineering. Addressing current limitations and envisioning novel strategies, the review contributes to the ongoing dialogue and progression in this critical field of regenerative medicine.