选择(遗传算法)
生物
自然选择
蜥蜴
稳定选择
健身景观
破坏性选择
进化生物学
阿诺里斯
表型
生态学
定向选择
适应(眼睛)
微进化
基因
遗传学
人口
人口学
人工智能
神经科学
社会学
计算机科学
作者
James T. Stroud,Michael P. Moore,R. Brian Langerhans,Jonathan B. Losos
标识
DOI:10.1073/pnas.2222071120
摘要
Species' phenotypic characteristics often remain unchanged over long stretches of geological time. Stabilizing selection-in which fitness is highest for intermediate phenotypes and lowest for the extremes-has been widely invoked as responsible for this pattern. At the community level, such stabilizing selection acting individually on co-occurring species is expected to produce a rugged fitness landscape on which different species occupy distinct fitness peaks. However, even with an explosion of microevolutionary field studies over the past four decades, evidence for persistent stabilizing selection driving long-term stasis is lacking. Nonetheless, biologists continue to invoke stabilizing selection as a major factor explaining macroevolutionary patterns. Here, by directly measuring natural selection in the wild, we identified a complex community-wide fitness surface in which four Anolis lizard species each occupy a distinct fitness peak close to their mean phenotype. The presence of local fitness optima within species, and fitness valleys between species, presents a barrier to adaptive evolutionary change and acts to maintain species differences through time. However, instead of continuously operating stabilizing selection, we found that species were maintained on these peaks by the combination of many independent periods among which selection fluctuated in form, strength, direction, or existence and in which stabilizing selection rarely occurred. Our results suggest that lack of substantial phenotypic evolutionary change through time may be the result of selection, but not persistent stabilizing selection as classically envisioned.
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