From metabolism to disease: the biological roles of glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT)

Abstract Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) is the rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), an important route for de novo synthesis of amino sugars, which are key components of prokaryotic cell walls, chitin, and complex eukaryotic glycoconjugates. GFAT also plays a major role in several pathological processes, including cancer and diabetes. It has been 60 years since GFAT was first characterized. During this time, the knowledge about the enzyme’s mechanisms and biological relevance has increased considerably. We take the anniversary of GFAT’s discovery as an opportunity to discuss the role of GFAT in both health and disease and explore its biotechnological potential as a target for antimicrobial and anticancer chemotherapy.