Intricacies of the Multifaceted Triad-Complexity, Accuracy, and Fluency: A Review of Studies on Measures of Oral Production

Complexity, accuracy, and fluency (CAF) as measures of language proficiency have been used extensively in assessing second language production in English language studies related to task-based language teaching. The present review adds the following critical elements to the existing body of literature: (i) Provides synthesis and critical analysis of various measures of CAF used in empirical studies and reveals the variation with which the three constructs have been used; (ii) Lays down the most appropriate CAF measures for beginners, intermediates and advanced learners for a valid and robust assessment of oral production in English as a second and foreign language.