Immunomodulatory effect of mesenchymal stem cells‐derived extracellular vesicles to modulate the regulatory T cells and Th1/Th2 imbalance in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with allergic rhinitis

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have shown promising immunomodulatory capabilities for a variety of clinical conditions. However, the potential regulatory mechanisms of MSC-EVs in allergic rhinitis (AR) remain unexplored. The present study was designed to investigate the immunomodulatory effect of MSC-EVs in patients with AR. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from AR patients. The number of peripheral CD4