Recent Advances in Nanoparticles for the Diagnosis and Therapy of Liver Cirrhosis

Cirrhosis represents the final pathological stage of many chronic liver diseases, and its precise diagnosis and effective treatment remain significant challenges. Nanoparticles have shown substantial potential for both diagnosis and therapy of liver cirrhosis, owing to their controllable sizes and shapes, diverse compositions, modifiable surface characteristics, and targeted delivery capabilities. In nanoparticle fabrication, the selection of raw materials and the optimization of structural parameters are critical factors that influence their functional properties. Various nanomaterials, including gold nanoparticles, mesoporous silica, liposomes, and micelles, have been extensively investigated for their advantageous attributes, such as biocompatibility, high drug-loading capacity, biodegradability, and suitability for in vivo imaging. This review systematically summarizes current research on nanoparticles derived from different raw materials for the diagnosis and treatment of liver cirrhosis, and examines key challenges in clinical translation. It is anticipated that this work will provide a theoretical basis for the design and clinical application of nanoparticle-based diagnostic and therapeutic systems for liver cirrhosis.