Nano-enabled Living Materials and Living Electronics: A Roadmap for Innovation and Impact

Abstract Nano-enabled living materials and living electronics represent the next frontier in integrating biology with advanced nanotechnology, offering unprecedented opportunities to design systems with programmable, adaptive, and multifunctional capabilities. By combining living cells or tissues with engineered nanostructures, living materials and electronics create platforms for bi-directional communication, sensing, and actuation. These advancements hold immense potential for applications in healthcare, energy systems, and environmental sustainability. This roadmap provides a comprehensive vision for advancing this transformative field, addressing scientific challenges, technological pathways, and long-term goals for deploying these hybrid systems at scale.