Dynamic associations between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and respiratory-cardiovascular diseases: A trajectory analysis of a prospective study

Chronic exposure to ambient air pollution, particularly PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀, is linked to an elevated risk of progression from COPD to CVD, thereby augmenting the overall burden of respiratory-cardiovascular diseases. These findings highlight the urgent need for effective air quality interventions to reduce pollution-related health impacts.