Micro-hydrogel molding-assisted fabrication of a PDMS-based microfluidic concentration-gradient generator for dynamic anticancer drug testing

: 36 ± 3 μM). Additional validation was carried out using immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry to assess apoptotic markers and treatment responses. Overall, our study presents a simple, frugal, and scalable microfluidic platform that addresses the major limitations of traditional drug testing platforms by incorporating dynamic chemical gradients, physiologically relevant mechanical environments, and low-barrier fabrication methods, paving its way for broader adoption in preclinical drug evaluation and dose-response assays.