Diagnostic efficacy of combining diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging with serum Mucin 1, Mucin 13, and Mucin 16 in distinguishing borderline from malignant epithelial ovarian tumors

Abstract Aims To enhance ovarian tumor diagnosis beyond conventional methods, this study explored combining diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI‐MRI) and serum biomarkers (Mucin 1 [MUC1], MUC13, and MUC16) for distinguishing borderline from malignant epithelial ovarian tumors. Methods A total of 126 patients, including 71 diagnosed with borderline (BEOTs) and 55 with malignant epithelial ovarian tumors (MEOTs), underwent preoperative DWI‐MRI. Region of interest (ROI) was manually drawn along the solid component's boundary of the largest tumor, focusing on areas with potentially the lowest apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). For entirely cystic tumors, a free‐form ROI enclosed the maximum number of septa while targeting the lowest ADC. Serum biomarkers were determined using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Results Basic morphological traits proved inadequate for malignancy diagnosis, warranting this investigation. BEOTs had an ADC mean of (1.670 ± 0.250) × 10 3 mm 2 /s, while MEOTs had a lower ADC mean of (1.332 ± 0.481) × 10 3 mm 2 /s, with a sensitivity of 63.6% and specificity of 90.1%. Median MUC1 (167.0 U/mL vs. 87.3 U/mL), MUC13 (12.44 ng/mL vs. 7.77 ng/mL), and MUC16 (180.6 U/mL vs. 36.1 U/mL) levels were higher in MEOTs patients. The biomarker performance was: MUC1, sensitivity 50.9%, specificity 100%; MUC13, sensitivity 56.4%, specificity 78.9%; MUC16, sensitivity 83.64%, specificity 100%. Combining serum biomarkers and ADC mean resulted in a sensitivity of 96.4% and specificity of 100%. Conclusion The integration of DWI‐MRI with serum biomarkers (MUC1, MUC13, and MUC16) achieves exceptional diagnostic accuracy, offering a powerful tool for the precise differentiation between borderline and malignant epithelial ovarian tumors.