Management of proliferative lupus nephritis.

Kidney abnormalities are present in up to 60% of patients with systemic lupus. Proliferative lupus nephritis is one of the most serious manifestation and requires rapid recognition and treatment. Kidney biopsy plays an essential role in the management and prognosis of proliferative lupus nephritis. Treatment includes and induction phase with systemic steroids and antiproliferative therapy. This is followed by a maintenance phase to prevent the risk of relapses. Cytotoxic therapy carries significant side effects and complications. Further research is needed to establish the role of biologics in the management of proliferative lupus nephritis.