Circulating Bile Acids in Liver Failure Activate TGR5 and Induce Monocyte Dysfunction

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Retention of bile acids in the blood is a hallmark of liver failure. Recent studies have shown that increased serum bile acid levels correlate with bacterial infection and increased mortality. However, the mechanisms by which circulating bile acids influence patient outcomes still are elusive. METHODS: Serum bile acid profiles in 33 critically ill patients with liver failure and their effects on Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5), an immunomodulatory receptor that is highly expressed in monocytes, were analyzed using tandem mass spectrometry, novel highly sensitive TGR5 bioluminescence resonance energy transfer using nanoluciferase (NanoBRET, Promega Corp, Madison, WI) technology, and in vitro assays with human monocytes. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients (67%) had serum bile acids that led to distinct TGR5 activation. These TGR5-activating serum bile acids severely compromised monocyte function. The release of proinflammatory cytokines (eg, tumor necrosis factor α or interleukin 6) in response to bacterial challenge was reduced significantly if monocytes were incubated with TGR5-activating serum bile acids from patients with liver failure. By contrast, serum bile acids from healthy volunteers did not influence cytokine release. Monocytes that did not express TGR5 were protected from the bile acid effects. TGR5-activating serum bile acids were a risk factor for a fatal outcome in patients with liver failure, independent of disease severity. CONCLUSIONS: Depending on their composition and quantity, serum bile acids in liver failure activate TGR5. TGR5 activation leads to monocyte dysfunction and correlates with mortality, independent of disease activity. This indicates an active role of TGR5 in liver failure. Therefore, TGR5 and bile acid metabolism might be promising targets for the treatment of immune dysfunction in liver failure.