Advances in self-healing hydrogels to repair tissue defects

In modern times, biological materials have received a lot of attention due to their potentials in the treatment of body defects. Among biomaterials, hydrogels have a high advantage due to their multifunctional structures and behavior. However, the mechanical failure of conventional hydrogels under normal conditions remains a significant problem. To overcome this lesion, self-healing hydrogel materials have been created that have the property of self-healing and are minimally invasive for repairing biological defects in the whole body. In this review study, by combining the developments of recent articles in synthesis and discussion of clinical applications for repairing various types of body defects, the development of self-healing hydrogels is presented. By reviewing the characteristics and behaviors of healable hydrogels, the repair of different types of defects as well as their mechanism is presented. Some properties of polymers such as molecular mass, hydrophilicity, functional groups, intramolecular and extramolecular interactions can affect the properties of self-healing hydrogels. The review examines the development of smart self-healing hydrogel processes over the past 10 years, focusing primarily on their recent ability to repair tissue defects. This paper also presents various methods of synthesis and types of polymers and discusses clinical applications that facilitate the improvement of lesions and enhance organs function. The issues presented here may be of interest to researchers interested in improving self-healing hydrogels.