Germfree and Gnotobiotic Animal Models: Background and Applications

Introduction Early Growth, Body Weight, Reproduction, and Life Span General Aspects Growth Body Weight of the Mature Animal Reproduction Life Span Conclusions Anatomy, Morphology, and Function of the Gastrointestinal System General Aspects Stomach Small Intestine Cecum Large Intestine Conclusions Morphology and Physiology, Endocrinology and Biochemistry General Aspects Energy Metabolism Liver Function Cholesterol and Bile Acid Metabolism Rats and Mice Gerbils Dogs and Pigs Other Indicators of Function Water Balance and Kidney Function Mineral Metabolism Endocrine System Conclusions Nutrition General Aspects Early Rat and Mouse Diets Hand-Feeding of the Cesarean-Derived Newborn Solid Diets Further Development of Rat and Mouse Diets Sterilization of Solid Diets Metabolic Requirements of Germfree Rats and Germfree Mice-Contributions of the Microflora Dietary Energy Requirements Proteins and Amino Acids Vitamin B Complex-Microflora Production Fat-Soluble Vitamins Minerals Inositol, Ubiquinone, and Queuine The Chemically Defined Diet General Aspects Development of the Chemically Defined Diet Procedures Present Status Dietary Antigenicity and Immune Potential Immunology, Including Radiobiology and Transplantation General Aspects Early Studies: Immune Potential of Germfree Rats and Mice Maintained on Solid Diets Antibody-Forming Potential Phagocytosis B Cells, T Cells, and NK Cells Immune Globulins Natural Antibody Cytokinins Radiation Biology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Immunological Evaluation of GF Mice Maintained on a Chemically Defined, Low Molecular Weight Antigen-Free Diet Conclusions Parasitology General Aspects Effects of the Microflora Via Nutrient Availability and the Immune System Protozoa Nematodes Helminths Schistosomiasis and Chagas' Disease Cestodes Pathology Over the Life Span of the Germfree Rat and the Germfree Mouse General Aspects Tumors and Tumor-Related Viruses Conclusions Applications: Past, Present, and Future. Part I Introduction Microbial Action and Interaction in Gnotobiotic Systems: Colonization Resistance and Translocation Controlled Microbial Association Colonization Resistance Materials with Antimicrobial Action Translocation Applications: Past, Present, and Future. Part II. Use of the Gnotobiote in the Study of Disease The Aging Syndrome Endpoint Studies Lobund Aging Study Cancer Research Role of the Microflora in Steroid Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease Dental Caries and Periodontal Disease Dental Caries Periodontal Disease Radiation Biology: Role of the Microflora and Effect of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) The Shock Syndrome: Potential Influence of LPS Hemorrhagic Shock Thermal Shock Intestinal Strangulation Tourniquet Shock Ulcerative Colitis of Swine Disease Applications: Past, Present, and Future. Part III. The Production of Monoclonal Antibodies and Conclusions Monoclonal Antibodies Conclusions and Future Considerations Index