Sodium citrate as a self-sacrificial sodium compensation additive for sodium-ion batteries

Commercial sodium citrate is proposed as the self-sacrificial cathode additive for the first time to offset the initial sodium loss. The optimum additive can obviously increase the energy density of the as-constructed hard carbon//Na3V2(PO4)2F3/rGO full-cell by 28.9% without sacrificing its other electrochemical properties, showing promising application prospects in sodium ion batteries.