Toxicity of malachite green on plants and its phytoremediation: A review

Malachite green (MG) dye is a known micro-pollutant which abundantly present in industrial effluent, causing vulnerability in green flora. MG dye is non-biodegradable compound which persist in the environment for longer period and infiltrate the food chain. It is able to produce genotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic effects on living beings. Nowadays, the application of efficient and resourceful wastewater treatment technology is prompted by the worldwide communities without causing further damage to ecosystem. Recently, various microorganisms and plants have been considered as proficient scavenger for MG. This review highlights the application areas and the toxicological impact of MG dyes on aquatic and terrestrial plants. Biological metabolic processes and phytoremediation have been recognized as environmental friendly and valuable approaches for the degradation, removal, and detoxification of MG dye. Therefore, it also emphasizes the functional characteristics of various plant species and their metabolic capacities which facilitate them to deal with MG dyes successfully.