Recent Advances in Lipid Nanoparticles and Their Safety Concerns for mRNA Delivery

INTRODUCTION: The advent of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) as a delivery platform for mRNA therapeutics has revolutionized the biomedical field, particularly in treating infectious diseases, cancer, genetic disorders, and metabolic diseases. Recent Advances in Therapeutic LNPs: LNPs, composed of ionizable lipids, phospholipids, cholesterol, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) lipids, facilitate efficient cellular uptake and cytosolic release of mRNA while mitigating degradation by nucleases. However, as synthetic entities, LNPs face challenges that alter their therapeutic efficacy and safety concerns. Toxicity/Reactogenicity/Immunogenicity: This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in LNP research, focusing on preclinical safety assessments encompassing toxicity, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity. Summary and Outlook: Additionally, it outlines potential strategies for addressing these challenges and offers insights into future research directions for enhancing the application of LNPs in mRNA therapeutics.