The lasso structure, biosynthesis, bioactivities and potential applications of Microcin J25: A novel antibacterial agent with unique mechanisms

The overuse and misuse of traditional antimicrobial drugs have led to their weakened effectiveness and the emergence of pathogenic bacterial resistance. Consequently, there has been growing interest in alternative options such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in the pharmaceutical industry. Microcin J25 (MccJ25) has gained significant attention for its potent inhibitory effect on a diverse range of pathogens. Its unique rotaxane structure provides exceptional stability against extreme thermal, pH, and protease degradation, including chymotrypsin, trypsin, and pepsin. Given its remarkable stability and diverse bioactivity, we aim to provide an overview of the physicochemical properties, the mechanism underlying its antimicrobial activity, and the critical functional residues of MccJ25. Additionally, we have summarized the latest strategies for the heterologous expression of MccJ25, and its potential medical use and other applications.