The use of human faeces for fertilizer is associated with increased intensity of hookworm infection in Vietnamese women

To investigate different factors associated with hookworm infections we conducted 2 studies in a commune in northern Viet Nam. The first was part of a larger study on anaemia and covered 213 women (15-49 years of age) and their 92 children (6 months to 5 years of age) in one commune; 90% of the families reported using human faeces for fertilizer. Women who reported using fresh human faeces as fertilizer had significantly higher hookworm egg counts than women who either used treated human faeces or who did not use human faeces as fertilizer. The second study examined how human faeces were used for fertilizer in 30 selected families. Women participated in preparation and application of human faeces to crops in 81% of the families using human faeces for fertilizer. Two methods of preparing the faeces were described: 48% of the families mixed the faeces with ash before applying them to the field; 18% mixed the faeces with water; 33% used both methods.