Innovative epidermal-penetrating nanogels with microenvironment-adaptive pH responsiveness orchestrate glucose homeostasis reprogramming and spatiotemporally coordinated therapeutic cascades for precision diabetic wound therapy

PLTR@PDA-INS synergize dual glucose control with VEGF/Notch/PI3K tuning and GCH1/ARG1/CXCL1/8 signaling. This core–shell system orchestrates a therapeutic cascade addressing inflammation, angiogenesis and tissue remodeling for diabetic wound healing.