Room Temperature Spin-to-Charge Conversion in Amorphous Topological Insulating Gd-Alloyed BixSe1–x/CoFeB Bilayers

Disordered topological insulator (TI) films have gained intense interest by benefiting from both the TI's exotic transport properties and the advantage of mass production by sputtering. Here, we report on the clear evidence of spin-charge conversion (SCC) in amorphous Gd-alloyed Bi_xSe_1-x (BSG)/CoFeB bilayers fabricated by sputtering, which could be related to the amorphous TI surface states. Two methods have been employed to study SCC in BSG (t_BSG = 6-16 nm)/CoFeB(5 nm) bilayers with different BSG thicknesses. First, spin pumping is used to generate a spin current in CoFeB and detect SCC by the inverse Edelstein effect (IEE). The maximum SCC efficiency (SCE) is measured to be as large as 0.035 nm (IEE length λ_IEE) in a 6 nm thick BSG sample, which shows a strong decay when t_BSG increases due to the increase of BSG surface roughness. The second method is THz time-domain spectroscopy, which reveals a small t_BSG dependence of SCE, validating the occurrence of a pure interface state-related SCC. Furthermore, our angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy data show dispersive two-dimensional surface states that cross the bulk gap until the Fermi level, strengthening the possibility of SCC due to the amorphous TI states. Our studies provide a new experimental direction toward the search for topological systems in amorphous solids.