Epithelial cells and fibroblasts are both activated via TGF-β1 and GSK-3β pathways differentially in the comorbidity of pulmonary fibrosis with lung adenocarcinoma

This study initially reveals that LUAD exacerbates PF by modulating epithelial cells and fibroblasts through TGF-β and GSK-3β pathways differentially. Practically, targeting the pathways of TGF-β and GSK-3β may promise a potential strategy for the prophylaxis of PF exacerbation in patients with LUAD.