Recent innovations in engineering Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanostructures for water and wastewater treatment: Pushing the boundaries of multifunctional photocatalytic and advanced biotechnological applications

Owing to its rapid advancement in nanotechnology, latest publications (recent 5 years) related to zinc oxide (ZnO) in various aspects and applications have been reviewed. Trend has shifted to the innovation of pristine ZnO nanostructures functionalized with elemental dopants and heterojunction to improve the photoactivities on micropollutant degradation and heavy metals removal as well as the antibacterial effect towards microorganisms. The fundamentals of improved photoactivities (i.e., low recombination rate of charge carrier and effective charge transfer) and enhanced antibacterial properties (i.e., dissolution of ions and generation of reactive oxygen species) are accentuated. Subsequently, a detailed examination is undertaken to elucidate the key impacts of ZnO on actual wastewater treatment systems. This review concludes with a consolidated overview on the recent advances of ZnO for environmental wastewater decontamination and the future prospects on tailoring ZnO based on their photocatalytic and antibacterial properties to match various expectations from practical applications while minimising the adverse impacts on surrounding environment.