Emerging carbonaceous material based on residual grape seed applied in selective and sensitive electrochemical detection of fenamiphos

Fenamiphos (FNP) is a pesticide applied for soil pest control, particularly nematodes, and sucking insects, including aphids and thrips. Despite its use being banned in several countries due to its highly toxic nature for living beings, including mammals, because of its acetylcholine-inhibiting action, it is still marketed for use in agriculture. Therefore, a carbon paste electrode modified with residual grape seed biochar (bSU), served as an electrochemical sensor (E-bSU) for the quantification of fenamiphos in grape juice, tap water, and river water samples. The bSU underwent comprehensive characterization employing elemental, morphological, and spectroscopic analysis techniques. The impact of electrode modification and the electrochemical behavior of the FNP were systematically assessed through cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and differential pulse voltammetry. The biochar manifested a microporous surface adorned with dispersed functional groups, enhancing its affinity for organic compounds, particularly the investigated pesticide. Electrode modification and the optimization of analysis parameters resulted in a notable 6-fold amplification of the electrochemical signal of FNP relative to initial conditions, underscoring the efficacy of the E-bSU. The developed methodology attained limits of detection and quantification of 0.3 and 0.9 nmol L⁻