Multi‐Fluid Flow

This chapter discusses techniques for characterizing properties that are needed to predict multiphase fluid flow involving nonaqueous phase liquids, which is a difficult process. It also discusses fluid content measurement techniques for multiphase fluid systems. Capillary pressure–saturation relations, defined at a physical point, are important for the prediction of multiphase fluid flow. The chapter presents a discussion concerning the measurement of relations between fluid contents and pressures in multiphase fluid systems. A brief discussion of the measurement of relative permeability relations is provided. The chapter describes modeling approaches that have been used to predict relations among fluid contents, pressures, and relative permeabilities, including effects of hysteresis. Finally, also presents a discussion of the latest developments in measuring the interfacial areas of immiscible fluids, as they are important for understanding of multiphase fluid flow and retention and the transfer of mass, heat, and momentum between the fluids.