Polyamides

The article contains sections titled: 1 Introduction 2 Nomenclature 3 General Considerations in Polyamidation 3.1 Molecular Mass 3.2 Equilibrium and Rate Constants 3.3 Effects of Monomer Structure 3.4 Amide Interchange 3.5 Structure–Property Considerations 4 Other Polymerization Techniques 4.1 Variants of Hydrolytic Polymerization 4.2 Interfacial and Solution Polymerization 4.3 Ionic Polymerization 4.4 Solid-Phase Polymerization 5 Commercial Processes 5.1 PA 46 5.2 Polyamide 56 5.2.1 Introduction 5.2.2 Properties 5.2.3 Process Chemistry 5.2.4 Discontinuous Process 5.2.5 Solid-State Polymerization 5.3 PA 66 5.3.1 Batch Production 5.3.2 Continuous Production 5.4 Other AABB Polyamides 5.5 PA 6 5.5.1 Polymerization of Caprolactam 5.5.2 Extraction 5.5.3 Caprolactam Recovery 5.5.3.1 Extract Water Evaporation 5.5.3.2 Oligomer Separation 5.5.3.3 Depolymerization 5.5.3.4 Multistep Distillation—Full Recovery 5.6 In-Line Compounding 5.7 PA 11 5.8 PA 12 6 Properties 6.1 Properties of Unmodified Polyamides 6.2 Copolymerization 6.3 Modification by Additives 6.3.1 Filled and Reinforced Polyamides 6.3.2 Blends and Alloys 6.3.3 Flame-Retardant Polyamides 6.3.4 Conductive Polyamides 6.3.5 Other Formulations 7 Processing 8 Uses 9 Ecological Aspects and Toxicology 9.1 Recycling 9.2 Polyamide Monomers 9.3 Other Aspects 10 Economic Aspects Related Articles References